Abstract
The aim of the study. To describe the interaction between Helicobacter pylori and Toll-like receptors, and to outline the role of TLRs gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of this infection.
Material and methods. An analysis of publications from 2000 to 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, and Elsevier databases was conducted.
In the present review the structure and classification of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), mechanisms of TLRs interaction with Helicobacter pylori, and the role of TLRs gene polymorphisms in infection pathogenesis were observed. Current evidence indicates that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLRs genes causing receptor dysfunction can significantly influence an individual’s susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection and determine the nature of inflammatory response, affecting complication risks. An important aspect of individual susceptibility to H. pylori-associated diseases are TLRs gene polymorphisms which regulate the intensity and nature of immune response. The most studied variants are: TLR4 Asp299Gly (rs4986790) and Thr399Ile (rs4986791), associated with lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness and increased risk of atrophic gastritis; TLR5 (rs5744174) increasing gastric cancer risk in combination with H. pylori infection; and TLR9 (rs5743836) -1237T/C enhancing gene expression and predisposing to precancerous mucosal changes.
Conclusion. These data emphasize that infection outcomes depend not only on strain virulence but also on host genetic factors determining immune response efficacy. Genetic variations in TLRs genes may influence individual risks of severe complications, including gastric cancer. Further research in this field could facilitate the development of personalized approaches for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of H. pylori-associated diseases, as well as identify new targets for immunotherapy.
Keywords
Authors and affiliations
I.V. Baratova(1), N.A. Bodunova(1), T.A. Deeva(2), D.S. Bordin(1, 3, 4), M.V. Chebotareva(1, 5), L.A. Tsapkova(1)
1-A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Novogireevskaya St., 1, Moscow, 111123,
Russian Federation; 2-I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
(Sechenov University), Trubetskaya str., 8-2, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation; 3-Russian University of Medicine,
Dolgorukovskaya St., 4, Moscow, 127006, Russian Federation; 4-Tver State Medical University, Sovetskaya St., 4, Tver, 170100,
Russian Federation; 5-Research Institute of Public Health Organization and Medical Management,
Bolshaya Tatarskaya St., 30, Moscow, 115184, Russian Federation
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